STARTLING DECLASSIFIED US DOCUMENTS ON 1971 WAR

10:45am : Shared as Received. 

Almost 45 years ago, India won a famous victory over Pakistan due to its brilliant soldiers, an unwavering political leadership & strong diplomatic support from Moscow. Less known is Russia’s power play that prevented a joint British-American attack on India.Washington DC,

December 3, 1971, 10:45am.  

US President Richard Nixon is on the phone with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, hours after

Pakistan launched simultaneous attacks on 6 Indian airfields, a reckless act that prompted India to declare war.

Nixon: So West Pakistan giving trouble there.

Kissinger: If they lose half of their country without fighting they will be destroyed. They may also be                 destroyed this way but they will go down fighting.

Nixon: The Pakistan thing makes your heart sick. For them to be done so by the Indians & after we                have warned the bitch (reference to Indian PM Indira Gandhi). Tell them that when India talks            about West Pakistan attacking them it's like Russia claiming to be attacked by Finland.

Washington, December 10, 1971, 10:51 am:

A week later the war is not going very well for Pakistan, as Indian armor scythes through East Pakistan & the Pakistan Air Force is blown out of the subcontinent’s sky. Meanwhile, the Pakistani military in the west is demoralized & on the verge of collapse as the Indian Army & Air Force attack round the clock.

Nixon: Our desire is to save West Pakistan. That's all.

Kissinger: That's right. That is exactly right.

Nixon: All right. Keep those carriers moving now.

Kissinger: The carriers—everything is moving. 4 Jordanian planes have already moved to Pakistan,                    22 more are coming. We're talking to the Saudis, the Turks we've now found are willing                    to give 5. So we're going to keep that moving until there's a settlement.

Nixon: Could you tell the Chinese it would be very helpful if they could move some forces or                         threaten to move some forces?

Kissinger: Absolutely.

Nixon: They've got to threaten or they've got to move, one of the two. You know what I mean?

Kissinger: Yeah.

Nixon: How about getting the French to sell some planes to the Paks?

Kissinger: Yeah. They're already doing it.

Nixon: This should have been done long ago. The Chinese have not warned the Indians.

Kissinger: Oh, yeah.

Nixon: All they've got to do is move something. Move a division. You know, move some trucks. Fly            some planes. You know, some symbolic act. We're not doing a goddamn thing, Henry, you                know that.

Kissinger: Yeah.

Nixon: But these Indians are cowards. Right?

Kissinger: Right. But with Russian backing. You see, the Russians have sent notes to Iran, Turkey,                    to a lot of countries threatening them. The Russians have played a miserable game. If the                    2 American leaders were calling Indians cowards, a few months earlier the Indians were a                  different breed altogether. This phone call is from May 1971.

Nixon: The Indians need—what they need really is a—

Kissinger: They’re such bastards.

Nixon: A mass famine. But they aren't going to get that…But if they're not going to have a famine the            last thing they need is another war. Let the goddamn Indians fight a war.

Kissinger: They are the most aggressive goddamn people around there.

The 1971 war is considered to be modern India’s finest hour, in military terms. The clinical professionalism of the Indian Army, Navy & Air force; a charismatic brass led by the legendary Sam Maneckshaw; & ceaseless international lobbying by the political leadership worked brilliantly to set up a famous victory.After 2 weeks of vicious land, air & sea battles, nearly 100,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered before India's rampaging army, the largest such capitulation since General Paulus' surrender at Stalingrad in 1943 However, it could all have come unstuck without help from veto-wielding Moscow, with which New Delhi had the foresight to sign a security treaty in 1970.

As Nixon’s conversations with the wily Kissinger show, the forces arrayed against India were formidable.The Pakistani military was being bolstered by aircraft from Jordan, Iran, Turkey & France. Moral & military support was amply provided by the US, China & UK. Though not mentioned in the conversations here, the UAE sent in half a squadron of fighter aircraft & the Indonesians dispatched at least 1 naval vessel to fight alongside the Pakistani Navy. Russia’s entry, however, thwarted a scenario that could have led to multiple pincer movements against India.

Superpowers Face-Off:

On December 10, even as Nixon & Kissinger were frothing at the mouth, Indian intelligence intercepted an American message, indicating that the US 7th Fleet was steaming into the war zone. The 7th Fleet, which was then stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin, was led by the 75,000 ton nuclear powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise. The world’s largest warship, it carried more than 70 fighters & bombers. The 7th Fleet also included the guided missile cruiser USS King, guided missile destroyers USS Decatur, Parsons & Tartar Sam & a large amphibious assault ship USS Tripoli.

Standing between the Indian cities & the American ships was the Indian Navy’s Eastern Fleet led by the 20,000-ton aircraft carrier, Vikrant, with barely 20 light fighter aircraft. When asked if India’s Eastern Fleet would take on the 7th Fleet, the Flag Officer COC, Vice Admiral N. Krishnan, said: “Just give us the orders” The Indian Air Force, having wiped out the Pakistani Air Force within the first week of the war, was reported to be on alert for any possible intervention by aircraft from the Enterprise.

Meanwhile, Soviet intelligence reported that a British naval group led by the aircraft carrier Eagle had moved closer to India’s territorial waters. This was perhaps one of the most ironic events in modern history where the Western world’s 2 leading democracies were threatening the world’s largest democracy in order to protect the perpetrators of the largest genocide since the Holocaust in Nazi Germany. However, India did not panic. It quietly sent Moscow a request to activate a secret provision of the Indo-Soviet security treaty, under which Russia was bound to defend India in case of any external aggression.

The British & the Americans had planned a coordinated pincer to intimidate India: while the British ships in the Arabian Sea would target India’s western coast, the Americans would make a dash into the Bay of Bengal in the east where 100,000 Pakistani troops were caught between the advancing Indian troops and the sea.

To counter this 2 pronged British-American threat, Russia dispatched a nuclear-armed flotilla from      Vladivostok on December 13 under the overall command of Admiral Vladimir Kruglyakov, the Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet). Though the Russian fleet comprised a good number of nuclear-armed ships & atomic submarines, their missiles were of limited range (less than 300 km). Hence to effectively counter the British & American fleets, the Russian commanders had to undertake the risk of encircling them to bring them within their target. This they did with military precision.

In an interview to a Russian TV programme after his retirement, Admiral Kruglyakov, who commanded the Pacific Fleet from 1970 to 1975, recalled that Moscow ordered the Russian ships to prevent the Americans & British from getting closer to “Indian military objects”. The genial Kruglyakov added: “The Chief Commander’s order was that our submarines should surface when the Americans appear. It was done to demonstrate to them that we had nuclear submarines in the Indian Ocean. So when our subs surfaced, they recognized us. In the way of the American Navy stood the Soviet cruisers, destroyers & atomic submarines equipped with anti-ship missiles. We encircled them & trained our missiles at the Enterprise. We blocked them and did not allow them to close in on Karachi, Chittagong or Dhaka."

At this point, the Russians intercepted a communication from the commander of the British carrier battle group, Admiral Dimon Gordon, to the 7th Fleet commander: “Sir, we are too late. There are the Russian atomic submarines here & a big collection of battleships.” The British ships fled towards Madagascar while the larger US task force stopped before entering the Bay of Bengal.

The Russian manoeuvres clearly helped prevent a direct clash between India & the US-UK combine. Newly declassified documents reveal that the Indian PM went ahead with her plan to liberate Bangladesh despite inputs that the Americans had kept 3 battalions of Marines on standby to deter India, & that the American aircraft carrier USS Enterprise had orders to target the Indian Army, which had broken through the Pakistani Army’s defences & was thundering down the highway to the gates of Lahore, West Pakistan’s second largest city.

According to a 6 page note prepared by India's foreign ministry, "The bomber force aboard the Enterprise had the US President's authority to undertake bombing of the Indian Army's communications, if necessary."

China in the Box:

Despite Kissinger’s goading & desperate Pakistani calls for help, the Chinese did nothing. US diplomatic documents reveal that Indira Gandhi knew the Soviets had factored in the possibility of Chinese intervention. According to a cable referring to an Indian cabinet meeting held on December 10, “If the Chinese were to become directly involved in the conflict, Indira Gandhi said, the Chinese know that the Soviet Union would act in the Sinkiang region. Soviet air support may be made available to India at that time.”

Interestingly, while the cable is declassified, the source & extensive details of the Indian PMs briefing remain classified. “He is a reliable source” is all that the document says. There was very clearly a cabinet level mole the Americans were getting their information from.

Cold Warriors:

Another telephone conversation between the scheming duo reveals a lot about the mindset of those at the highest echelons of American decision making:

Kissinger:   And the point you made yesterday, we have to continue to squeeze the Indians even when                   this thing is settled.

Nixon: We've got to for rehabilitation. I mean, Jesus Christ, they've bombed—I want all the war                    damage; I want to help Pakistan on the war damage in Karachi & other areas, see?

Kissinger: Yeah.

Nixon: I don't want the Indians to be happy. I want a public relations programme developed to piss on            the Indians.

Kissinger: Yeah.

Nixon:   I want to piss on them for their responsibility. Get a white paper out. Put down, White                      paper.White paper. Understand that?

Kissinger: Oh, yeah.

Nixon: I don't mean for just your reading. But a white paper on this.

Kissinger: No, no. I know.

Nixon:  I want the Indians blamed for this, you know what I mean? We can't let these                                   goddamn,sanctimonious Indians get away with this. They've pissed on us on Vietnam for 5                 years, Henry.

Kissinger: Yeah.

Nixon: Aren't the Indians killing a lot of these people?

Kissinger:  Well, we don't know the facts yet. But I'm sure they're not as stupid as the West                               Pakistanis—they don't let the press in. The idiot Pak have the press all over their place.   
                 The game of LIFE is the game of boomerangs. Our Thoughts, Deeds & Words return to 
                  us sooner or later, with astounding accuracy.